Wikipedia

Antisemitism

hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews
(Redirected from Antisemitic)

Antisemitism is the fear, dislike or hatred of Jewish people.[1][2] A synonym is Judeophobia,[3] preferred by those see antisemitism as too ambiguous.[3] Antisemitism has a long history.[3] The worst manifestation of antisemitism in history is the Holocaust,[4] while the most common manifestation is conspiracy theories.[5][6]

The adjective of antisemitism is antisemitic. Those who hold antisemitic views are called antisemites.[7]

Origin

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As per American historian Deborah Lipstadt, antisemitism was coined by German nationalist Wilhelm Marr in 1881 to describe the widespread bias against Jews in German society. Semantically, the term covers Jews who practice Judaism, Jews who have converted to Christianity, and those who have Jewish ancestry.[8]

The term is sometimes spelled as anti-Semitism, but such spelling is controversial, because some historians believe that there is no such ideology as "Semitism"[8] while the concept "Semitic race" came from the scientific racism promoted by those biased against Jews.[8]

Middle East and North Africa

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Antisemitism[1] is extremely common in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).[2] In 2011, the Pew Research Center polled a significant number of Middle Eastern countries' citizens, where Muslims are the majority. Most of the interviewees were hostile to Jews. Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims and 2% of Jordanians reported feeling good about Jews.[9] Some scholars believe that mass media have played a significant role in such phenomenon.[10][11] Further data are presented as follows.

Antisemitism in MENA[12]
Country % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[12]
Palestine 93 93
 
Iraq 92 92
 
Yemen 88 88
 
Algeria 87 87
 
Libya 87 87
 
Tunisia 86 86
 
Kuwait 82 82
 
Jordan 81 81
 
Bahrain 81 81
 
Qatar 80 80
 
Morocco 80 80
 
United Arab Emirates 80 80
 
Lebanon 78 78
 
Oman 76 76
 
Egypt 75 75
 
Saudi Arabia 74 74
 

Sub-Saharan Africa

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Antisemitism in sub-Saharan Africa[12]
Country % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[12]
Senegal 53 53
 
Mauritius 44 44
 
South Africa 38 38
 
Cameroon 35 35
 
Kenya 35 35
 
Botswana 33 33
 
Côte D'Ivoire 22 22
 
Nigeria 16 16
 
Uganda 16 16
 
Ghana 15 15
 
Tanzania 12 12
 

The % of South African population holding antisemitic views rose to 47% in 2019 from 38% in 2014.[13] Since the Israel–Hamas war started on 7 October 2023, there has been upsurge in harassment and violence against Jews in South Africa.[14][15] Between 7 October and 31 December 2023, attacks on Jews rose by 631% in South Africa as compared to the same period in 2022.[16]

Europe

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Before 20th century

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Main articles: Jews § History, and Inquisition

20th Century

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Main articles: Pogrom and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

The Holocaust

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Main articles: The Holocaust, Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, and List of Nazi concentration camps
Further information: Mein Kampf, Nazism, Ion Antonescu, Iron Guard, Ante Pavelić, Ustaše, and Independent State of Croatia

The Holocaust was a genocide[17] committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 during World War II. It was known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to rid Europe of Jews. They succeeded in killing up to at least 6,000,000 Jews – 67% of European Jews back then.[4] The planning of the Holocaust was rooted in antisemitism.[4][18]

21st century

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In a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jews in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the previous five years, while 29% had thought about moving countries as they felt unsafe.[19] In a 2023 survey done by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) in Europe, it was found that as many as one-third of Western Europeans believed in stereotypes of Jews. This was reportedly worse in some eastern European countries, particularly Hungary (37%), Poland (35%) and Russia (26%).[20] In Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high.[21]

Antisemitism in Europe[12]
Country % population holding biases against Jews
(95% confidence level)[12]
Greece 69 69
 
Armenia 58 58
 
Poland 45 45
 
Bulgaria 44 44
 
Serbia 42 42
 
Hungary 41 41
 
Belarus 38 38
 
France 37 37
 
Azerbaijan 37 37
 
Lithuania 36 36
 
Romania 35 35
 
Croatia 33 33
 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 32 32
 
Georgia 32 32
 
Russia 30 30
 
Moldova 30 30
 
Spain 29 29
 
Montenegro 29 29
 
Latvia 28 28
 
Austria 28 28
 
Slovenia 27 27
 
Belgium 27 27
 
Germany 27 27
 
Switzerland 26 26
 
Estonia 22 22
 
Portugal 21 21
 
Ireland 20 20
 
Italy 20 20
 
Iceland 16 16
 
Norway 15 15
 
Finland 15 15
 
Czech Republic 13 13
 
Denmark 9 9
 
United Kingdom 8 8
 
Netherlands 5 5
 
Sweden 4 4
 

Ireland

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The banner of the pro-Nazi antisemitic[22] Irish Catholic Blueshirts.
 
Pro-Nazi antisemitic[22] Irish Catholic Blueshirts marching down the street.

Overview

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Ireland has been predominantly Catholic throughout history.[23] Just as other Catholic countries, antisemitism is deep-rooted in Ireland.[23]

Early modern period

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Further information: Inquisition and Spanish Inquisition

As per specialized historians, Irish Catholics played an active role in the Catholic Spanish Inquisition's persecution of Jews (1478–1834),[24] killing as many as 300,000 Jews by false convictions of "crypto-Judaism",[25] a charge slapped on Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity under Catholic Spanish rule.[25]

20th century

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Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, pro-Nazi sentiment was common among the Irish due to their dislike of the United Kingdom,[26] which was fighting Nazi Germany.[26]

In July 1940, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) praised Nazi Germany as the "friends and liberators of the Irish people" in a statement, with little to no opposition from the Irish public.[26][27] Meanwhile, the IRA worked with Nazi spies to plot attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland[26][27] and circulated materials accusing Éamon de Valera's neutral Irish government of being owned by "Jews and Freemasons".[26][27]

As per declassified MI5 documents, IRA leading figures Seán Russell and James O'Donovan – both veterans of the Irish War of Independence – were the main Irish contacts with Nazi Germany.[26][27] They got Nazi weapons, plotted joint attacks on British troops and discussed with Hitler a possible German invasion of Northern Ireland to facilitate Irish "reunification".[26][27]

As per Kurt Haller, an anti-Nazi German diplomat who testified in the Nuremberg Trials,[27]

James O'Donovan [...] asked for German support for the occupation of Northern Ireland [. ...] seemed most interested in obtaining delivery of weapons, ammunition and explosives.

As per Erwin von Lahousen, a Nazi German general who also testified,[27]

Frank Ryan[28] suggest that the German invasion of Britain would be an opportune moment for the seizure of Northern Ireland [. ...] Ryan had told [Edmund] Veesenmayer[29] that [Éamon] de Valera would support [...] provided he considered it a legitimate risk to take.

After Adolf Hitler's death on April 30, 1945, Éamon de Valera, the Prime Minister of Ireland, mourned the death of Hitler[26][30] with backing from the Irish parliament.[26][30] De Valera also denied reports of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as "anti-national propaganda",[30][31] reportedly out of refusal to acknowledge that the Jews could have suffered more than the Irish.[30][31]

21st century

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Further information: Disinformation, Conspiracy theory, and African Americans § History

Since 2013,[32][33] a baseless theory, which claims that "Irish slaves" existed in 17th century North America before the arrival of African slaves, has been made popular by Neo-Nazis and Holocaust deniers[32][33] in both Ireland and the United States.[32][33] The theory is sometimes called the "Irish slaves myth". The myth reportedly originated from the book To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland, which was written by Irish journalist Seán O'Callaghan (1918–2000)[32][34] and published by The O'Brien Press in Dublin, Ireland.[34]

The myth has been widely condemned by scholars as a far-right conspiracy theory downplaying the suffering of African Americans in history,[32][33] who were enslaved until 1865, segregated until 1965 and systemically discriminated against until now.[35] Despite To Hell Or Barbados: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland promoting the widely condemned far-right myth, the book is still on sale in the Sinn Féin Bookshop[36] run by the Irish nationalist Sinn Féin party.[36][37]

In spring 2024, antisemitism in Ireland reportedly worsened with the escalation of the Israel–Hamas war, where antisemites felt justified to harass Jews under the guise of supporting Palestine, and some Irish Jewish community leaders were doubtful if Ireland was still safe[38] for the approximately 2,700 Jews – 0.054% of the 2023 Irish population[39] – in Ireland. In November 2024, it was revealed that textbooks teaching that

were widely circulated in Irish schools[40] and shaping children's mind.[40] The findings were confirmed by the European Jewish Congress (EJC).[41] Meanwhile, the Government of Ireland has not responded to the matter, nor have any strong reactions been seen from the Irish public.[40]

Critique

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David Collier, an Irish researcher in Middle East affairs,[42] noted that antisemitism among contemporary Irish is derived from[42]

Poland

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See the main article: Racism in Poland § Jews
Further information: Jedwabne pogrom (1941)

Romania

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Main articles: Iași pogrom § Interwar period, and Odessa massacre (1941) § Interwar period
Further information: Ion Antonescu and Iron Guard

Armenia

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Overview

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The flag of the pro-Nazi Armenian-Aryan Racialist Movement (AARM).
 
The logo of the Marxist-Leninist militant[46] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA).

58% of the population[12] of Armenia[47][48] – a Caucassian country allied with Russia,[49] China[50], Iran[51] and Syria under Bashar al-Assad[52] who killed over 400,000 Syrians[53][54] – are found to be hostile to Jews. 62% of them are found to be aged 18–34. The percentages are the highest in Eastern Europe, making Armenia apparently the most antisemitic Eastern European country.[12] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian nationalist who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany, is still popular among Armenians.[55][56]

20th century

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From the 1930s through the Holocaust, Armenian-American media, including but not limited to the Hairenik,[57][58] fully backed Adolf Hitler and defended the Holocaust as a "necessary surgical operation" by demonizing Jews as "poisonous elements",[57][58] while 20,000 Armenian Nazi volunteers[58][59] hunted for Jews and other "undesirables" on behalf of the Nazi German army.[58][60]

21st century

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Despite such history, hundreds of statues have been erected across Armenia in honor of Garegin Nzhdeh.[55][56] Meanwhile, the only synagogue in Armenia's capital Yerevan was attacked four times in a row between 7 October 2023 and 11 June 2024.[61] Members of the Marxist-Leninist militant[46] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia[62] (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being set on fire.[63]

United States

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2010s

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A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans were hostile to Jews.[64] Since the October 7 massacre, antisemitism has surged in America and Europe, especially on college campuses.[65][66] Such antisemitism has caused thousands of Jewish students to get attacked over their identity.[65][66]

2020s

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In August 2024, the advocacy group Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) did a poll which found that around 3,500,000 American Jews had faced antisemitism since the October 7 massacre in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were told that "Jews care too much about money", 25% were told that "Jews control the world" and 13% were told that "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated".[67][68] Meanwhile, the FBI released crime statistics illustrating that antisemitic incidents constituted 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in 2023, a 63% rise compared to 2022.[69]

A follow-up study between May and October 2024 found that American Jews faced rising discrimination in job search, with American Jews having to make 24% more applications to receive the same amount of favorable first responses as Western European Americans, while Israeli Americans having to make 39% more applications to receive the same amount of such.[70][71]

In December 2024, the University of Michigan fired its DEI[72] director for making antisemitic remarks, including "the university is controlled by wealthy Jews"[1] and "we don’t work with Jews. They are wealthy and privileged..." according to documents obtained by the CNN.[73]

Select antisemitic incidents in the U.S.

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  Fatal incidents
Date Reported type Dead Injured Location Details
7 October 2024 Assault 0 1 New York City, New York Todd Richman, the Jewish co-chair of the left-leaning Democratic Majority for Israel,[74] was left bloodied after being assaulted by individuals hurling insults with antisemitic tropes.[75]
5 October 2024 Assault 0 1 Queens, New York A 19-year-old Jewish man was reportedly punched in the face outside a Queens synagogue. The victim in traditional Hasidic clothing was standing outside of Congregation B'Nei Abraham-EF in Kew Gardens Hills when the assailant appeared.[76]
27 September 2024 Assault 0 1 Oakland, Pittsburgh A Jewish student at the University of Pittsburgh, who wore a Star of David necklace, was assaulted by a group, who hurled antisemitic slurs. According to Pittsburgh police, the victim was walking alone around 2 a.m. when he came across 8 men. When the 8 men saw his necklace, they hurled insults about Israel, then punched and kicked him.[77]
18 September 2024 Contempt of Congress 0 0 Washington, D.C. In a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on hate crimes, a man interrupted by shouting "F*** Israelis [...] I don't care about the f***ing Jews". The man continued to scream at the attendees until he was led away by security guards.[78][79]
15 September 2024 Assault 0 1 Ann Arbor, Michigan A 19-year old Jewish student was assaulted by a group of unknown men, who asked him whether he was Jewish, after he answered "yes". The University of Michigan condemned the assault.[80]
31 August 2024 Assault 0 2 Oakland, Pittsburgh A man wearing a keffiyeh and wielding a bottle wounded two Jewish students at the University of Pittsburgh, who were treated at the scene. The suspect was arrested immediately. The Hillel International said that the students attacked had been part of a group moving between two Jewish events.[81]
9 August 2024 Vandalism 0 0 Cambridge, Massachusetts At Harvard University, several mezuzahs put up by Jewish students in their dorms were vandalized or missing.[82]
10 July 2024 Assault 0 1 Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C. A Jewish man wearing a kippah was punched into the bush outside the Foggy Bottom metro station within the George Washington University. The suspect went on a tirade of conspiracy theories about Jews upon arrest.[83]
24 June 2024 Picketing 0 1 Los Angeles, California A reportedly anti-Israel rally taking place outside a synagogue turned into a street conflict when the worshippers tried to stop the commotion. A Jewish woman was injured.[84][85] President Joe Biden and his administration condemned the incident as anti-Semitic.[84][86]
11 June 2024 Assault 0 2 Los Angeles, California A Chabad Rabbi was assaulted on the UCLA campus, suffering a bleeding face wound. The suspects called him a "fake Jew", "Zionist pedophile rabbi" and told him to "go back to Poland and Ukraine". A journalist also reported equipment damage and burns from hot spaghetti sauce poured over him.[87][88][89]
April 2024 Threats 0 0 New York City, New York A Columbia University student said in a video that "Zionists don't deserve to live comfortably, let alone Zionists don't deserve to live [...] Be grateful that I'm not just going out and murdering Zionists". He was suspended by the university.[90][91]
January 2024 Assault 0 1 Washington D.C A Lyft driver assaulted a Rabbi after refusing to continue the drive by punching them in the face. A video of the assault was recorded by a witness.[92][93][94]
November 2023 Vandalism 0 0 Baltimore, Maryland Several incidents of vandalism across campuses occurred in the country. For instance, a chalk graffiti stating "Holocaust 2.0" was found at the University of Maryland's campus in College Park.[95][96][97]
5 November 2023 Involuntary manslaughter 1 0 Thousand Oaks, California Jewish man Paul Kessler was a victim of suspected involuntary manslaughter. The suspect, a former Moorpark College professor, hit Kessler's head with a megaphone over disagreement at a rally. Kessler fell with another hit and died of intracerebral hemorrhage.[98] The suspect has pleaded not guilty.[99] Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass issued a condemnation,[100] while the Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles called it an "antisemitic crime".[101]
October 2023 Threats 0 0 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Cornell University student Patrick Dai threatened to shoot all Jewish schoolmates, burn synagogues and behead Jewish babies on an online forum.[102] He was sentenced to 21 months in prison for the action in August 2024.[103]
June 6, 2023 Vandalism 0 0 Manchester Township, New Jersey On June 6, Ron Carr from Manchester spray-painted swastikas and other graffiti on fourteen homes before setting fire to another one. When asked why he did the act, Carr said it was to keep Jews out. In June 2024, Carr pleded guilty to arson, bias intimidation and two counts of criminal mischief.[104] In August, Carr was sentenced to seven years in state prison.[105][106]
February 22–23, 2023 Shooting 0 2 Los Angeles, California On February 22 and 23, 29-year-old Jamie Tran shot two Jewish men as they were leaving synagogues in Pico-Robertson. Both men survived. In May 2024, Tran pleaded guilty to two federal hate crimes and weapons charges.[107][108] On 30 September 2024, Tran was sentenced to 35 years in jail.[109][110]
April 20, 2022 Assault 0 1 Manhattan, New York Attack on Matt Greenman: Matt Greenman, a Jewish man, was assaulted in an antisemitic hate crime in New York City while watching a rally organized by the pro-Hamas front Within Our Lifetime. Saadah Masoud, one of the group's founders, pled guilty to the assault and was sentenced to 18 months in prison in March 2023.[111][112][113]
January 15, 2022 Hostage taking 1 0 Colleyville, Texas Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis: Four people were taken hostage by a British Pakistani at a synagogue. After a standoff with police, the attacker was killed and all hostages escaped unharmed.[114][115][116]
October 31, 2021 Arson 0 0 Austin, Texas Austin synagogue arson: 18-year old Franklin Barrett Sechriest set fire to the main doors of the sanctuary of the Congregation Beth Israel, causing more than $250,000 in damage. Sechriest admitted he conducted the attack due to his hatred of Jews and had written, "I set a synagogue on fire," in his personal journal.[117][118][119]
October 13, 2021 Arson 0 0 Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York A woman yelling antisemitic obscenities poured gasoline in front of a yeshiva in Flatbush and set it on fire.[120] Weeks earlier, a woman was seen in the area carrying a gas canister and yelling antisemitic slurs.[120] Police are investigating a possible connection.[120][121][122]
September 9, 2021 Verbal and physical assault 0 1 Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York A 37-year-old man spat on a Jewish man and verbally abused them with antisemitic remarks; he was charged with a hate crime.[123][124]
July 1, 2021 Stabbing 0 1 Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts Rabbi Shlomo Noginski was stabbed eight times by an attacker outside of the Shaloh House Jewish Day School; the school, which was holding a summer camp, was put into lockdown.[125][126][127] The attacker had a knife and a gun in his possession at the time of arrest.[125][127] The attacker, who had a history of making anti-Semitic statements and had been the subject of a restraining order by a Jewish former-roommate, was charged with hate crimes and civil rights violations.[128][129][130]
June 15, 2021 Physical assault, verbal assault 0 1 Fairfax, Los Angeles, California A man punched a 12-year-old Jewish boy in the face; another man threatened to kill the child's family.[131][132]
May 27, 2021 Vandalism 0 0 St. Petersburg, Florida The phrase "Jews are guilty" and a swastika were spray-painted on the Holocaust Museum in downtown St. Petersburg.[133][134][135]
May 24, 2021 Physical assault 0 1 Brooklyn, New York A 67-year-old man was punched in the face as he tried to enter a synagogue. A 20-year-old man was arrested for assault, assault as a hate crime, and aggravated harassment.[136]
May 22, 2021 Gang attack 0 2 Brooklyn, New York Three men, aged 19–20, tried to break into a synagogue, yelling "Free Palestine! Kill all the Jews!" Unable to enter the locked building, they left, and shortly afterward assaulted two Jewish teens, choking one, punching the other in the head, and chasing both for several blocks with cricket bats.[137][138][139] The three attackers were charged with multiple hate crimes.[138][140][139]
May 21, 2021 Vandalism, verbal assault 0 0 Hallandale Beach, Florida A man yelled antisemitic threats at a rabbi in front of a synagogue, then returned and dumped a bag of human feces in front of the building.[141][142]
May 20, 2021 Gang attack 0 1 Diamond, Manhattan, New York A caravan of cars and trucks with Palestinian flags went to the Diamond District, where many Jewish-owned businesses are located, and shot off commercial fireworks at people while yelling "F--- you, Zionists", "F--- you, pigs", and other threatening and sexually explicit comments about Jews.[143][144][145] One woman was hospitalized with burns.[143][146][147] Daniel Shaukat, Haider Anjam, and Ashan Azad, then 20, 20, and 19 years old respectively, pled guilty in September 2022 to committing hate crimes and were sentenced to between 3 and 5 years of probation.[148]
May 20, 2021 Gang attack 0 1 Times Square, Manhattan, New York Attack on Joseph Borgen: During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, five men attacked Joseph Borgen, a Jewish man, when he passed through the Times Square. Borgen was punched, kicked, bludgeoned with flag poles and a crutch. He was maced and peppered spray and suffered a concussion ensued by hospitalization.[149][150] The attackers also yelled antisemitic slurs.[151][150] Five activists were arrested, found guilty for the attack and received sentences of up to 7 years in prison.[152][153][154]
May 19, 2021 Arson/physical attack 1 Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York A Brooklyn man attempted to set fire to a building that housed a synagogue and a yeshiva.[155][156] Later that day, the perpetrator punched a Jewish man in the head several times.[155]
May 18, 2021 Physical and verbal assault 0 0 Bal Harbour, Florida A visibly Jewish family walking down the street was verbally assaulted by a group of four men who threw garbage at them, threatened to rape the mother of the family, and yelled other violent antisemitic threats and insults at them.[157][158][159][147][160]
May 18, 2021 Physical assault/gang attack 0 0 Fairfax, Los Angeles, California A visibly Jewish man was walking to his synagogue when two cars with Palestinian flags, allegedly yelling "Allahu Akbar," chased him down, apparently trying to run him over as he sprinted toward shelter.[161] The episode was captured by CCTV.[161]
May 18, 2021 Gang attack 0 5 Los Angeles, California A group of men waving a Palestinian flag got out of a car near a sushi restaurant, yelled antisemitic obscenities, including the phrase "dirty Jew," at the patrons (not all Jewish), and then attacked diners with pepper spray, barrier poles and glass bottles.[162][163][164][165] In June 2023, Samer Jayylusi, 37, and Xavier Pabon, 32, pled no contest to two counts of felony assault and admitted a hate crime on both counts. They were sentenced to two years of probation, 80 hours of bias counseling, and an 8 hour visit to the Museum of Tolerance.[166]
April–May 2021 Public school assignment 0 0 Tenafly, New Jersey In early April 2021,[167] a fifth-grade teacher at Maugham Elementary School instructed a 5th grade student to dress up as Adolf Hitler and to write a first-person essay from the perspective of the Nazi leader touting his "accomplishments" as a part of a class assignment.[168][169] After initially defending the teacher and the school's actions,[170][171][172] the board of Tenafly Public Schools suspended the teacher and the principal of the school with pay and opened an investigation into the incident.[173][174]
December 7, 2020 Vandalism 0 0 Boise, Idaho Sometime between the evening of December 7 and the morning of December 8, 2020, nine stickers bearing the Nazi swastika and the words "We Are Everywhere" were plastered over the Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial in Boise, Idaho. [175][176][177]
October 26, 2020 Vandalism 0 0 Ithaca, New York The Sunny Days storefront was painted with Celtic crosses, and posters with antisemitic language were taped to the door.[178][179]
August 25, 2020 Arson 0 0 Newark, Delaware Late on August 25, 2020, 45 firefighters responded to a fire at the Chabad center of the University of Delaware. It was later determined to be arson.[180][181]
May 30, 2020 Civil unrest 0 unknown Los Angeles, California Beginning Saturday night May 30, 2020, individuals looted, vandalized synagogues and Jewish stores in Fairfax, Los Angeles in local protests. A synagogue was spray-painted with "F*ck Israel" and "Free Palestine".[182][183][184] A statue of Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, who saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary from the Holocaust, was defaced with antisemitic slogans.[185]
December 29, 2019 Stabbing 1 4 Monsey, New York On Saturday night, December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, Grafton E. Thomas, masked and wielding a large knife or machete, invaded the home of a Hasidic rabbi in Monsey, Rockland County, New York, where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five people were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition.[186][187][188] 72-year-old-man Josef Neuman, who was in a coma for 59 days, succumbed to his wounds in March 2020.[189] Rottenberg's son was also among the injured.[190] Guests struck back, hitting the attacker with chairs and a small table.[186]
December 14, 2019 Vandalism 0 0 Los Angeles, California On Saturday, December 14, 2019, Anton Redding broke into Nessah Synagogue in Beverly Hills, burglarized it and damaged religious books and associated articles. He attempted to escape by fleeing to Hawaii, where he was caught by police.[191][192] On November 27, 2020, Redding was ordered to pay $166,000 in restitution and serve 220 days in county jail. As part of the plea deal, prosecutors dropped hate crimes charges.[193]
December 10, 2019 Shooting 7 3 Jersey City, New Jersey On December 10, 2019, David Nathaniel Anderson (age 47) and his girlfriend Francine Graham (age 50),[194] perpetrated a shooting at a kosher grocery store located in the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey, in the United States. Five people were killed at the store, including the two assailants and three civilians whom they attacked. Additionally, the assailants wounded one civilian and two police officers.[195][196][197] Anderson had made posts on social media that were anti-police and antisemitic. His language was linked to that used by the Black Hebrew Israelite movement.[198]
September 19, 2019 Vandalism 0 0 Racine, Wisconsin and Hancock, Michigan 2019 synagogue vandalism: On September 19, 2019, members of neo-Nazi accelerationist paramilitary group The Base vandalized Beth Israel Sinai Congregation in Racine, Wisconsin, and Temple Jacob in Hancock, Michigan in the US, in a campaign the group dubbed "Operation Kristallnacht". Three members of The Base were arrested and subsequently found guilty.[199][200][201] On June 5, 2024, 24-year-old Nathan Weeden was sentenced to 26 months in prison and 3 months of supervised release for the incident.[202]
July 28, 2019 Shooting 0 1 Miami, Florida A gunman in a Chevrolet Impala fired shots at the Young Israel of Greater Miami synagogue, spraying the building with bullets. A 68-year-old Jewish congregant sustained several bullet wounds during the attack, requiring extensive surgery. Carlints St. Louis was charged the next day with attempted murder and for perpetuating a hate crime.[203][204][205]
April 27, 2019 Shooting 1 3 Poway, California Poway synagogue shooting: John Earnest fired shots inside the synagogue, Chabad of Poway.[206][207][208] One woman was killed and three others were injured, including the synagogue's rabbi.[209][210] In an open letter posted on 8chan shortly before the shooting and signed with Earnest's name, the author blamed Jews for the "meticulously planned genocide of the European race", a White genocide conspiracy theory.[211][better source needed]
October 27, 2018 Shooting 11 6 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: a gunman killed eleven people and wounded six in a mass shooting at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the deadliest attack on the Jewish community in the United States.[212] Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments about a group formerly named Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) on the online social network Gab.[213] Referring to Central American migrant caravans and [[Immigrant|immigrants, Bowers posted on Gab that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[214][215]
11–12 August 2017 Riot 3 49+ Charlottesville, Virginia
See the main article: Unite the Right rally
In a far-right rally, attendees were filmed chanting "[the] Jews will not replace us". The rally turned deadly when James Alex Fields Jr., one of the attendees, launched a vehicle-ramming attack on an opposing group.[216][215]
24 June 2017 Harassment 0 0 Chicago, Illinois Three Jewish lesbians were ejected from the Chicago's Dyke March for carrying pride flags with the Star of David, a Jewish national symbol. They were reportedly interrogated over their stance on "Zionism" to which the organizer opposed. The incident drew widespread criticism.[217][218]
April 13, 2014 Shooting 3 0 Overland Park, Kansas Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting: 73-year-old Frazier Glenn Miller Jr., a Klansman and neo-Nazi,[219] perpetrated shootings at the Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village Shalom, a Jewish retirement community, both located in Overland Park, Kansas. A total of three people were killed in the shootings, two of whom were shot at the community center and one shot at the retirement community.[220]
June 10, 2009 Shooting 1 1 Washington, D.C. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting: At about 12:50 pm on June 10, 2009, 88-year-old white supremacist James Wenneker von Brunn entered the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., with a rifle and fatally shot Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.[221][222][223][224]
July 28, 2006 Shooting 1 6 Seattle, Washington 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting: at around 4:00 pm. Naveed Afzal Haq entered the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle building in the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington and shot six women, one fatally.[225] Witnesses reported that before Haq began shooting he shouted, "I'm a Muslim American; I'm angry at Israel."[226]
August 6, 2003 Stabbing 1 0 Houston, Texas Murder of Ariel Sellouk: Mohammed Ali Alayed, who had stopped socializing with his Jewish friend Ariel Sellouk due to becoming a religiously strict Muslim, came back to Alayed's apartment after not seeing each other for a year. Alayed slit Sellouk's throat and nearly decapitated him. Alayed pled guilty and was sentenced to 60 years in prison on April 19, 2004.[227][228]
July 4, 2002 Shooting 2 5 Los Angeles, California 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting: Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national,[229] opened fire at the airline ticket counter of El Al, Israel's national airline, at Los Angeles International Airport. Two people were killed and four others were injured before the gunman was fatally shot by an El Al security guard.[230] In September 2002, federal investigators concluded that Hadayet hoped to influence U.S. government policy in favor of the Palestinians, and that the incident was a terrorist act.[231][232][233]
August 10, 1999 Shooting 1 5 Los Angeles, California Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting: at around 10:50 am. white supremacist Buford O. Furrow, Jr. walked into the lobby of the North Valley Jewish Community Center in Granada Hills and opened fire with a semi-automatic weapon, firing 70 shots into the complex. The gunfire wounded five people: three children, a teenage counselor, and an office worker. Shortly thereafter, Furrow murdered a mail carrier, fled the state, and finally surrendered to authorities.[234][235]
March 1, 1994 Shooting 1 3 New York, New York 1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting: Rashid Baz shot at a van of 15 Chabad-Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish students who were traveling on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, killing one and injuring three others.[236] Baz was arrested and found to be in possession of anti-Jewish literature, a .380-caliber semiautomatic pistol, a stun gun, a bulletproof vest and two 50-round ammunition magazines. Initially, Baz claimed a traffic dispute led him to commit the shootings, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation initially classified the case as road rage.[237] Witnesses testified that on the day of the shooting Baz had attended "a raging anti-Semitic sermon" by Imam Reda Shata at the Islamic Society of Bay Ridge.[238]
August 19, 1991 – August 21 Riot 1 New York, New York Crown Heights riot: a race riot that took place in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City in which black residents turned against Orthodox Jewish Chabad residents. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of Guyanese immigrants were accidentally struck by one of the cars in the motorcade of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured. In the wake of the fatal accident, some black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and fatally injuring Yankel Rosenbaum, an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia.[239]
April 17, 1986 Murder 1 0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Murder of Neal Rosenblum was shot and killed because of his Jewish appearance, wearing Haredi attire. The killer was released from prison on October 23, 2017, after serving 15 years of the maximum 20.
June 18, 1984 Shooting 1 0 Denver, Colorado Members of the white nationalist group The Order shot Jewish talk radio host Alan Berg dead.[240]
October 8, 1977 Shooting 1 2 St. Louis, Missouri Guests who attended a bar mitzvah were leaving Brith Sholom Kneseth Israel synagogue when white supremacist Joseph Paul Franklin began shooting at them, killing Gerald Gordon, and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.[241][242][243]
November 11, 1957 and October 14, 1958 Bombing 0 0 Temple Beth-El, Nashville, Tennessee. Temple Emanuel, Gastonia, North Carolina. Temple Beth-El, Miami, Florida. Jewish Community Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Jewish Community Center, Jacksonville, Florida. Temple Beth-El, Birmingham, Alabama. The Temple, Atlanta, Georgia. Temple Anshei Emeth, Peoria, Illinois. Five bombings and three attempted bombings of synagogues, seven in the Southern United States and one in the Midwest United States. There were no deaths or injuries. Some of the bombings are unsolved to this day.
August 17, 1915 Lynching 1 0 Marietta, Georgia Lynching of Leo Frank: Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent who was wrongly convicted in 1913 of the murder of a 13-year-old employee, Mary Phagan, in Atlanta, Georgia.[245][247] His trial, conviction, and appeals attracted national attention. A mob lynched him on August 17, 1915, in response to the commutation of his death sentence.
December 17, 1862 Order Parts of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky General Order No. 11 was an order issued by Union Major-General Ulysses S. Grant on December 17, 1862, during the Vicksburg Campaign, that took place during the American Civil War. The order expelled all Jews from Grant's military district, comprising areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. Grant issued the order in an effort to reduce Union military corruption, and stop an illicit trade of Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders."[248][better source needed]

At Holly Springs, Mississippi, Grant's Union Army supply depot, Jewish persons were rounded up and forced to leave the city by foot. On December 20, 1862, three days after Grant's order, Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army raided Holly Springs, that prevented many Jewish persons from potential expulsion. Although delayed by Van Dorn's raid, Grant's order was fully implemented at Paducah, Kentucky. Thirty Jewish families were expelled and roughly treated from the city.[source?]

Jewish community leaders protested, and there was an outcry by members of Congress and the press; President Abraham Lincoln countermanded the General Order on January 4, 1863. Grant claimed during his 1868 Presidential campaign that he had issued the order without prejudice against Jews as a way to address a problem that "certain Jews had caused".[249][better source needed]

Internet

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Antisemitism is common on the most visited websites worldwide,[250] including Wikipedia,[251][252] Reddit[253] and Instagram.[254][255]

Wikipedia

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Croatian Wikipedia

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See the main article: Croatian Wikipedia

Between 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring[251] the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia (NDH)[256] and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.[251]

Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.[257] The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,[258] as a "collection camp".[251] Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.[251]

Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.[259]

English Wikipedia

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See the main article: English Wikipedia

In the 57-page article Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust[260] published in The Journal of Holocaust Research, Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein reported to have found widespread distortions of the Polish Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia.[252][260] The distortions involved the intentional exaggeration[252][260] of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish "atrocities" against Poles, downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust.[252][260]

Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle,[252][260] leaving the site vulnerable to state-sponsored disinformation:

Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and antisemitic canards.

On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,[252]

As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity.

In 2024, independent journalist investigations uncovered a large-scale off-site canvassing campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made at least 2,000,000 edits to over 10,000 Jewish-related articles.[261]

The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member Tech for Palestine Discord channel,[261] where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)[261] on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to insert biased edits into various targeted articles,[261] and gaming the rules to prevent their edits from being reverted.[261]

Reported examples of their revisionist[262] edits include[261]

  • Removal of "Land of Israel" from the origin of Jews in Jewish-related articles
  • Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles
  • Removal of mentions of Hamas' 1988 charter which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews
  • Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with Hitler[263][264] in Holocaust-related articles
  • Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant" in Jewish-related articles

On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors[265] had been banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing[261][265] and "encouraging other users to game the extended confirmed restriction and engage in disruptive editing."[265] Another three editors have also been slapped with sanctions for similar reasons.[265]

Instagram

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See the main article: Instagram

Antisemitism is also common on Instagram.[254][255] Some celebrities, including Israeli Jewish actresses Gal Gadot[266][267] and Noa Cohen,[268][269] are also victims, who have to restrict commenting on their Instagram profiles to reduce antisemitic harassment from purported pro-Palestinian groups.[266][268]

Lies about Jews

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Further information: Supersessionism

Ancient

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  1. The Jews killed Jesus[270][271]
  2. The Jews betrayed their prophets[270][271]
  3. The Jews conspire against Christianity[272]

Middle Ages

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  1. The Jews take blood from Christian babies for rituals (blood libel)[272][273]
  2. The Jews worship Satan[270][271]
  3. The Jews poison wells to cause epidemics, including the 14th century Black Death[272][274]

Modern

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Further information: Nazism, Fascism § Main ideas, and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
  1. The Jews control mass media[1][272][275]
  2. The Jews control banks[1][272][276]
  3. The Jews control governments around the world[1][277][278]
  4. The Jews create wars and revolutions around the world[1][272][279]

Contemporary

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Further information: Holocaust denial, Holocaust inversion, and Holocaust trivialization
  1. The Jews are fake European converts to Judaism[280]
  2. The Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade[280][281]
  3. The Jews created the AIDS and COVID-19[282]

Antisemitism in Abrahamic religions

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Antisemitism in the Bible

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The New Testament consists of antisemitic content blaming all Jews for the Crucifixion of Jesus:

For you, brothers and sisters, became imitators of God’s churches in Judea, which are in Christ Jesus: You suffered from your own people the same things those churches suffered from the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus and the prophets and also drove us out. They displease God and are hostile to everyone in their effort to keep us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. In this way, they always heap up their sins to the limit. The wrath of God has come upon them at last.

— New International Version translation of 1 Thessalonians 2:14-16 from Greek and Hebrew sources

Antisemitism in the Quran

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The Qur'an consists of antisemitic content similar to that of the New Testament of the Bible:

Thou wilt find the most vehement of mankind in hostility to those who believe (to be) the Jews and the idolaters. And thou wilt find the nearest of them in affection to those who believe (to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians. That is because there are among them priests and monks, and because they are not proud.

— Translation of Qur'an 5:82 by Marmaduke Pickthall
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antisemitism.

Other websites

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Organizations

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Academic journals

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Research institutes

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
    IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bard, Mitchell. "Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism?". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center". Washington, DC. 21 July 2011.
  10. ↑
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7
  13. ↑ "The ADL GLOBAL 100: An Index of Antisemitism – South Africa". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  14. ↑
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ "'There is No Antisemitism Here,' South African Justice Minister Claims, Despite 631 Percent Increase in Attacks on Jews". Algemeiner. January 31, 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑
  19. ↑ "Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  20. ↑ "ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). May 31, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1
  24. ↑
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6
  28. ↑ A deputy of James O'Donovan.
  29. ↑ An SS leader convicted of crimes against humanity for contributing to the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Serbia and the pro-Nazi Independent State of Croatia (NDH).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Bew, Paul (February 12, 2009). Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789-2006. Oxford University Press Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561261.001.0001. ISBN 9780199561261. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "About Sean O'Callaghan". The O'Brien Press. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
  35. ↑
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "To Hell or Barbados - The Ethnic Cleansing of Ireland". Sinn Féin Bookshop. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ "How many Jews live in Ireland? | JPR". Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR). Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2
  41. ↑ "Report reveals troubling pattern of Holocaust minimisation in Irish textbooks". European Jewish Congress (EJC). November 6, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "David Collier: What Explains Ireland's Extreme Antisemitism?". Middle East Forum. September 12, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  43. ↑
  44. ↑
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1
  47. ↑
  48. ↑
  49. ↑
  50. ↑
  51. ↑
  52. ↑
  53. ↑
  54. ↑
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "New Congressional document exposes Armenian Dashnaks' sympathies for Hitler and Holocaust". Azərtac. May 14, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 "Pro-Holocaust Movement Tried to Lure Los Angeles Jews To Side With Armenia". NewsBlaze News. May 19, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  59. ↑ Thomassian, Levon (2012). Summer of '42: A Study of German-Armenian Relations During the Second World War (1 ed.). Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9780764340451. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  60. ↑ Gurevich, Roman (October 26, 2020). "Living in Azerbaijan as a Jew versus being Jewish in Armenia". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year". Radio Liberty. June 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024. Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when perpetrators threw rocks through a window.
  62. ↑
    • Armenian: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ
    • Azerbaijani: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu
    • Georgian: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია
    • Greek: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας
  63. ↑
  64. ↑ "In First, New ADL Poll Finds Majority of Americans Concerned About Violence Against Jews and Other Minorities, Want Administration to Act". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1
  67. ↑ "Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate'". The Jerusalem Post. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  68. ↑ "3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds". The Times of Israel. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
  69. ↑
  70. ↑
  71. ↑
  72. ↑ Shorthand for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion.
  73. ↑
  74. ↑
  75. ↑
  76. ↑
  77. ↑
  78. ↑
  79. ↑
  80. ↑
    • "Antisemitism has no place at the University of Michigan". University of Michigan. September 16, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024. Over the weekend, one of our students was attacked off campus simply for answering "yes" in response to the question "are you Jewish?" We strongly condemn and denounce this act of violence and all antisemitic acts.
    • "Police: Michigan student attacked after saying he was Jewish". WXYZ Channel 7. September 16, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024. The Ann Arbor Police Department is investigating after a student says he was attacked right after telling a group of men that he was Jewish.
    • "Jewish student attacked near University of Michigan". The Jewish Chronicle. September 17, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024. [...] the group confronted the 19-year-old victim [...] demanded to know if he was Jewish. After the young man acknowledged he was, the suspect slammed him to the concrete then kicked and spat on him before fleeing the scene, according to the Ann Arbor Police Department.
  81. ↑
  82. ↑
  83. ↑
    • "'You Corrupt the World!' Jewish Man Wearing Kippah Assaulted in Washington, DC". Algemeiner. July 11, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024. The suspect said: "They're the cause of all our wars. The children in Gaza, the children in Palestine, we know! We know who you are! We know the lies that you've told, that you have stolen the place of the true children of Israel [...] You're a liar! You have stolen our birthright [...] you have enslaved us, you have enslaved us a people. You now corrupt the banks and you corrupt the world. We know who you are! All of you! They are the ones who brought rap music into our communities...tainting the minds of our children [...] they control the music scene. Now you hold the world ransom, because you control all the money [...] We know you've corrupted our governments [...] We know that you're murdering innocent men, women, and children in Gaza! You collect interest on the poor! How can people live with you who hold them captive!"
    • "Assault in DC's Foggy Bottom area investigated as anti-Jewish hate crime". NBC4 Washington. July 11, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
    • "D.C. Jewish man assaulted by attacker yelling about Israel-Gaza war". The Washington Post. July 12, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Pro-Palestinian groups sued over demonstration outside L.A. synagogue". Los Angeles Times. June 24, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  85. ↑ "Biden and Democratic Leaders Condemn Protest Outside L.A. Synagogue as Antisemitic". The New York Times. June 24, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  86. ↑
  87. ↑
  88. ↑
  89. ↑ "UCLA Chabad rabbi assaulted, told to go back to Poland". Jewish Federation of Western Connecticut. June 15, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  90. ↑ "Columbia campus protester apologises for 'kill Zionists' comments". BBC. April 27, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  91. ↑ "Columbia University says it has banned student protester who said 'Zionists don't deserve to live'". NBC News. April 26, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  92. ↑ Wagner, Paul (February 1, 2024). "Lyft driver charged in assault of rabbi in Northwest DC". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  93. ↑ Kampeas, Ron (January 29, 2024). "Lyft lets go of driver who allegedly assaulted a DC rabbi and Chabad scion". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  94. ↑ "Police charge Lyft driver in attack on Chabad rabbi in Washington". The Forward. February 2, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024. Rabbi believes incident was a hate crime; police are investigating
  95. ↑ "University of Maryland condemns antisemitic message during protest". The Washington Post. November 10, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  96. ↑ Hellgren, Mike (December 11, 2023). "Maryland college students speak about antisemitism on campus as hate incidents rise". CBS News. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  97. ↑ "University of Maryland students worried about antisemitism on campus". WMAR 2 News Baltimore. November 10, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  98. ↑
  99. ↑
  100. ↑ "Mayor Bass Issues Statement after Death of Jewish Man in Thousand Oaks". Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass. November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  101. ↑ "Jewish man, 69, dies after clash during dueling protests over Israel-Palestinian conflict in LA area". CBS Los Angeles. November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  102. ↑ "US student jailed after threatening to behead Jewish babies". The Jewish Chronicle. August 13, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024. Patrick Dai, 22, described Jews as "rats" who need to be eliminated and said he was planning to "bring an assault rifle to campus and shoot all you pig Jews" [...] The Engineering student posted: "Watch out pig Jews. jihad is coming. nowhere is safe. your synagogue will become graveyards. your women will be raped and your children will be beheaded. glory to Allah".
  103. ↑
  104. ↑ Hopkins, Kathleen (June 21, 2024). "Manchester man admits arson, spray-painting swastikas in antisemitic crime spree". Ashbury Park. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  105. ↑ "7 years in prison for NJ man in arson, antisemitic graffiti attacks". Ynetnews. August 18, 2024. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  106. ↑ "N.J. man admits to burning down home, spray-painting swastikas in Shore town". NJ.com. June 21, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  107. ↑ Tucker, Emma; Romine, Taylor; Campbell, Josh (February 17, 2023). "Federal prosecutors charge man with 2 hate crimes after allegedly shooting 2 Jewish men in Los Angeles". CNN. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  108. ↑ "Man agrees to plead guilty of shooting two Jewish men in West LA". NBC Los Angeles. May 14, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
  109. ↑ "Jaime Tran Sentenced to 35 Years for Shooting 2 Jewish Men". Newsweek. September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  110. ↑ "Man who shot 2 Jews leaving an LA synagogue sentenced to 35 years in prison". Ynetnews. October 1, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024. Jaime Tran pleaded guilty in June to two counts of hate crimes with intent to kill; Tran had a "history of antsemitic and threatening behavior" according to the lawsuit
  111. ↑ "Staten Island Man Sentenced To 18 Months In Prison For Conspiracy To Commit Antisemitic Hate Crimes". United States Attorney's Office Southern District in New York, United States Department of Justice. March 3, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
  112. ↑ "Staten Island Man Sentenced to 18 Months in Prison for Attacks on Jews". The New York Times. March 3, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024. Saadah Masoud wanted to punish supporters of Israel, prosecutors said. His assaults came amid a rising wave of antisemitism in the United States.
  113. ↑ "The Lawfare Project issues statement following the sentencing of Saadah Masoud". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). March 6, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2024. The international pro bono legal group continues to call for an investigation into Masoud's co-conspirators.
  114. ↑ Graham, Ruth; Fortin, Jacey; Closson, Troy (January 17, 2022). "The Hostages Escaped. But Synagogues Ask, How Can They Be More Secure?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  115. ↑ "New documentary to show never-before-seen footage of gunman taking Texas synagogue hostage". The Forward. March 7, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  116. ↑ "Man threatened hostages over scientist's jailing, inquest told". BBC. August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  117. ↑ Vigdor, Neil (November 15, 2021). "College Student Charged in Arson at Texas Synagogue". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  118. ↑ "Texas man who set fire to an Austin synagogue sentenced to 10 years". Associated Press. November 29, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  119. ↑ "A Texas student, who wrote 'I set a synagogue on fire' in a journal, is charged with arson, officials say". CNN. November 16, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 "Hate in Flatbush: Woman Screaming Anti-Semitic Slurs Starts Fire On Street In Front Of Yeshiva of Flatbush on Ave J [Video & Photos]". The Yeshiva World. October 15, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
  121. ↑ "Video shows woman pouring gasoline outside yeshiva in alleged arson attack, NYPD says". NBC News. October 15, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2024. Police offered a reward of up to $3,500 to members of the public for information on the incident in Brooklyn.
  122. ↑ "Search underway for woman in Brooklyn who set fire in front of yeshivah". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). NYPD's Crime Stoppers is offering a $3,500 reward for information leading to the woman's arrest.
  123. ↑ "Man charged in feces attack arrested for third time in one month". NY1. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  124. ↑ "NYC feces attack suspect released again after being rearrested in hate crime investigation". ABC7 New York. March 2, 2022. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 "'God Saved Me': Brighton Rabbi Speaks Out After Stabbing". NBC Boston. July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  126. ↑ "Rabbi stabbed outside Boston synagogue in suspected hate crime". The Independent. July 2, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 "Chabad rabbi stabbed in front of Jewish day school and synagogue in Boston". Haaretz. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  128. ↑ Ellement, John R.; Brinker, Andrew. "Man who allegedly stabbed rabbi in Brighton faces hate crime, civil rights charges". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  129. ↑ "Hate Crime Charges Brought Against Man Accused of Stabbing Rabbi in Brighton". NBC Boston. July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  130. ↑ "Jewish roommate of Boston stabber took out restraining order against him". The Jerusalem Post. July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  131. ↑ "Man arrested for allegedly attacking 12-year-old Jewish boy in Fairfax area". City News Service. 2021-06-16. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  132. ↑ "Man Arrested for Punching Jewish Child on Melrose Avenue". Jewish Journal. 2021-06-16. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  133. ↑ "Swastika, 'Jews are guilty' message spray-painted on Holocaust Museum in St. Pete, police say". FOX 13 News. 2021-05-27. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  134. ↑ "Florida Holocaust Museum in St. Petersburg vandalized with painted swastika". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  135. ↑ "Swastika spray-painted on wall at Florida Holocaust Museum". AP NEWS. 2021-05-27. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  136. ↑ "Elderly Jewish man beat up outside of Brooklyn synagogue". The Jerusalem Post. May 26, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  137. ↑ "20-year-old arrested in back-to-back attacks against Jewish victims in Brooklyn". ABC7 New York. 2021-05-25. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 "Three charged in NYC after yelling "kill all the Jews," attacking Jewish teens with baseball bat". Newsweek. 2021-05-27. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 Sturla, Anna; Frehse, Rob (May 28, 2021). "Additional hate crime charges are filed after two anti-Semitic incidents in Brooklyn". CNN. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  140. ↑ "Three men charged with hate crimes after antisemitic incidents in Brooklyn". NBC News. May 27, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  141. ↑ "Man leaves feces, hurls remarks outside Florida synagogue". AP News. 2021-05-23. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
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  175. ↑ Boone, Rebecca (December 9, 2020). "Idaho Anne Frank Memorial defaced with swastika stickers". AP News. Associated Press.
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  180. ↑ Shannon, Josh (26 August 2020). "Investigator: Fire at UD's Chabad Center for Jewish Life was intentionally set". Newark Post. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
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  184. ↑ "Kosher stores, synagogues, vandalized and looted in LA protests". The Jerusalem Post. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
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  198. ↑ Gold, Michael; Watkins, Ali (December 11, 2019). "Suspect in Jersey City Linked to Black Hebrew Israelite Group". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
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  203. ↑ "Man shot outside of Miami synagogue". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. July 29, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2024. The victim, who was waiting for daily prayers to begin, was taken to a local hospital where he underwent surgery and is in stable condition.
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  206. ↑ Van Sant, Shannon (April 27, 2019). "At Least 1 Killed In California Synagogue Shooting". NPR. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
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  211. ↑ "California police investigate hate-filled 8chan manifesto that could link synagogue shooting to mosque attack". Washington Examiner. April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
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  222. ↑ "Guard Slain in Museum Shootout ID'd; Gunman Hospitalized". WJLA-TV. 2009-06-10. Archived from the original on 2009-06-13. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  223. ↑ Wilgoren, Debbi; Branigin, William (2009-06-10). "2 People Shot at U.S. Holocaust Museum". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  224. ↑ Wilber, Del Quentin (January 7, 2010). "Von Brunn, white supremacist Holocaust museum shooter, dies". The Washington Post. p. B01. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017.
  225. ↑ Pulkinnen, Levi (December 15, 2009). "Jury finds Haq guilty in Jewish Federation Center shootings". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
  226. ↑ Gilbert, Greg (August 3, 2006). "Haq allegedly shot woman, then chased her up stairs, killed her". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  227. ↑ Tilghman, Andrew (April 20, 2004). "Saudi gets 60 years for killing Jewish friend here". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  228. ↑ McGraw, Seamus (January 23, 2004). "Religious Overtones Color a Murder in Texas". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  229. ↑ Ramirez, Eddy (October 2, 2012). "Panel Probes LAX Gunman Terrorism: House lawmakers say closer scrutiny by INS might have prevented killings by Egyptian immigrant". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  230. ↑ Feldman, Charles (July 5, 2002). "Los Angeles airport shooting kills 3". CNN. Los Angeles, California. Archived from the original on December 4, 2004.
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  232. ↑ "FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism". CNN. April 12, 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007.
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  234. ↑ "The Kids Got In The Way: All the warning signs were there, but still Buford Furrow got his hands on guns and went on a rampage." Time. 154.8. August 23, 1999. p24.
  235. ↑ "A Visitor from the Dark Side: The accused L.A. gunner drove into town on a high of delusion and self-destruction". Newsweek. August 23, 1999. p. 32.
  236. ↑ Murphy, Mary (March 1, 2011). "Back at Police Plaza, Bratton and Miller recall 20th anniversary of Brooklyn Bridge shooting". WPIX. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  237. ↑ Heilman, Uriel (Summer 2001). "Murder on the Brooklyn Bridge". Middle East Quarterly. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  238. ↑ Mark, Jonathan (April 4, 2006). "Ari, Alisa And Memories In The Morning". New York Jewish Week. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  239. ↑ Wilson, Judy (2006). "Crown Heights riot – fact, fiction, and plenty of blame". New Jersey Jewish News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  240. ↑ "The murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 years later". Denver Post. June 18, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  241. ↑ Fattel, Isabel (28 October 2018). "A Brief History of Anti-Semitic Violence in America". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  242. ↑ Vitello, Paul (20 November 2013). "White Supremacist Convicted of Several Murders Is Put to Death in Missouri". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  243. ↑ Green, David (28 October 2018). "From Lynchings to Mass Shootings: The History of Deadly Attacks on Jews in America". Haaretz. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  244. ↑ Wilkes, Donald E Jr., Flagpole Magazine, "Politics, Prejudice, and Perjury", p. 9 (March 1, 2000).
  245. ↑ "The modern historical consensus, as exemplified in the Dinnerstein book, is that ... Leo Frank was an innocent man convicted at an unfair trial."[244]
  246. ↑ Ravitz, Jessica (November 2, 2009). "Murder case, Leo Frank lynching". CNN.
  247. ↑ "The consensus of historians is that the Frank case was a miscarriage of justice."[246]
  248. ↑ John Y Simon (1979). The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 7: December 9, 1862 – March 31, 1863. SIU Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8093-0880-4.
  249. ↑ Shelley Kapnek Rosenberg; et al. (2005). History of the Jews in America: Civil War Through the Rise of Zionism. Behrman House, Inc. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-87441-778-4.
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  259. ↑ "Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta". Meta Wikimedia. Retrieved 2021-06-14. Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and socio-cultural positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian radical right political parties and ultra-conservative populist movements. The group has been using its positions of power to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and subvert Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.
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  276. ↑ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
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